Hainanese Style Curry Puffs Marketing Essay

Hainanese Style Curry Puffs Marketing Essay Old Chang Kee Ltd is a food retailers are known for Hainanese-style curry puffs, which began in 1956 with a small stall in a coffee shop. People love a delicious cake filled with potatoes, curried chicken, a slice of egg, fried with herbs and spices. In 1986, Han Keen Juan updated and prolonged to a chain of over 70 stores in Singapore, located in shopping complex, gas stations and other busy places. Old Chang Kee menu include fried snacks for breakfast and coffee selected fast food. Each curry puff readied and carefully sealed in very clear flavour that won the hearts of many Singaporeans. Old Chang Kee had their overseas outlets in Malaysia, Indonesia and China, and listed on the Singapore Exchange. 1.1 Strategic focus: To deliver consistently a wide variety of high quality hot finger food and ready meals through standardised food preparation processes To refine, and modernise traditional food recipes for the modern, multi-cultural customers To provide an alternative to fast food for the busy and mobile city dwellers The Groups objective is to seek continual revenue growth while minimising losses incurred due to increased credit risk exposure. Product and service quality is most important to be competitive in the global economy. Old Chang Kee Group will also seek alliances, acquisitions and joint ventures with other food related company Set long-term strategic plans and objectives for the group and the financial and human resources to meet their objectives (old change 2012) 1.2 Business model: Simply a business module is how planned to generate cash, and whether it appears that can do so profitably. Old Chang Kee started its business with selling handmade curry puff to customer at the early stage of business. When its business has picked up, it started diversify its product to serve variety customer segment by introducing new product likes sotong ball, chicken wing and up to 28 types of products. An innovative ideas and best practices enable small Old chang kee to improve revenue and service quality 1.3 Business justification for globalization: The main motive for globalization of old chang kee are to stay ahead of the competition and intend to capture the market share in other countries. The explanation for choosing Thailand is that, old chang kee has already had their overseas outlets in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines and captures the hearts of the people in those countries. Since Thailand is a big country and having huge population. If old chang kee is entered to Thailand there is lot of chances to capture the market share in Thailand. 2. Analysis of the critical issues facing the organization globalization plan: 2.1Comparative analysis: Malaysia: Malaysia is upper middle-income countries. The Gross Domestic Product growth in food industry is estimated at 4 percent in 2012, and this may improve 5.6 percent in 2013-2016. Sales at stores in Malaysian food and drink industry is projected to reach U.S. $ 15.69 billion in 2011 and expected to grow to $ 21.17bn in 2015(food and beverage 2012 ). Thailand: Thailand is a leading consumer and industrial market more than $ 60 million, while the middle and upper classes people are highly lived in the main cities of Thailand in Bangkok. Chiang Mai, the second largest city in Thailand, located in the cities of the north and south, other major markets for consumers Demand for a particular variety of snacks increased in recent years in Thailand, such as breads, curry puffs and snacks such as rice crackers and noodles. In Thailand market the sweet and salty snacks is generally to grow by 7% per year to $ 1 billion in 2015. The potato chip sales exceeded $ 198 million in 2010 and snacks in general have reached U.S. $ 244 million 4.5% growth compared to the previous year. In Thailand food industry gained $27 billion in 2010 which is an increase of 30% from the year 2007(Thomas 2008). Philippines: Philippines are New Zealand 7th biggest food and beverage export markets with total exports amounted to U.S. $ 436 million in 2010.Gross Domestic Product grew by 4.5 percent in 2011, so the U.S. per capita $ 2,012 Indonesia is the worlds fourth most populous country in the world, with a population of 232.5 million in 2010 and the largest financial system in Southeast Asia(Adam 2010). In 2011, New Zealand exports of food and beverages were U.S. $ 468.3 million, becoming the 11th export destination for New Zealand. Reason for choosing: The main reason for choosing Thailand for globalization is low competition only countable numbers of snacks companies are compete in Thai market so there is high demand for curry puffs, so it is a great opportunity for old chang kee to globalize in Thailand. Old Chang Kee have already made a remarkable success in the markets of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippine and aimed to enter into the Thailand market. Since Thailand consist of middle and high income group of people, food safety and hygiene is an important consideration among the people .Old Chang Kee provide hygiene snacks with traditional taste so it can also succeed in Thailand market. Development of urban areas and less time to prepare food at home will increase the demand for fast food. The aim of Old Chang Kee is to provide an alternative to fast food for the busy people in Thailand. The travel and tourism industry has experienced strong growth in Thailand which will help to enhance food and beverage sales mostly in the high-end market. In Thailand, the Central Islamic Committee sets high standards for halal certified food company because Muslims are consuming only halal foods. Old Chang Kee is a halal certified food company there is lot of chances to get more customers in Thailand. Most of the foods and snacks in Thailand are traditional Thai dishes. However, there are lot of demand and opportunities for other Asian country cuisine as the market slowly progressed due to globalisation. 2.2 Business issues and environments: Management of multinational and multicultural is a problem for companies and their executives during globalization. International business environment with a large number of variables is one of the important issues which are difficult to manage. Environment: Among Asian countries Thailand is also one of the fastest growing country, the World Bank announce that Thailand was listed 19th in the world and 6th in Asia in terms of doing business easily. 2.2.1 SWOT analysis: Opportunity: Healthy is becoming big concern in Thailand food market therefore healthy food, diet food snack, and food nutrition still have good potential in Thailand market. Investing in Thailand provides companies with a strong export base, with a high-developed industrial supply chain, and offers direct access to the Thai market matures over 67 million customers in the purchase of increased parity 2.2.2 Culture: C:UsersgawaskarDesktopUntitled.png Power distance: Power distance is defined, in the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations in the country expect and accept that power is distributed evenly. Thailand score 64 on the index PDI, which is slightly smaller than the average in Singapore (71). It is a society where difference is acceptable strict subordination, and the protocols were not followed. All classes have its rights and workers show loyalty, respect and the respect of his superiors in exchange for protection and guidance. This can lead to parental management. Thus, the attitudes are more formal towards managers and the information flow is hierarchical and controlled. Individualism: In individualistic societies, people must take care of themselves and their families. In a collectivist society, people belonging to the group to deal with them in exchange for loyalty. With a score of 20 in Thailand is very collectivism. Expressed as close to its long-term commitment to the member group .The society provides a strong relationship in which everyone is responsible for the other members of their group. Offence causes loss of prestige and Thailand are very sensitive should not be embarrassed in front of local group. Personal relationships are the key to doing business and it takes time to build relationships so that it takes patience and not openly discuss business in the early occasions. Masculinity / Femininity: High score (male) dimension indicates that the company believes that competition and won success .Low scores (women), the average size of the dominant values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in society caring for others and quality of life. The main issue here is the one that makes people want to be the best (men), or you love what you do (women). Thailand scores 34 in dimension so considered as female. Thailand has the lowest value of masculinity comparing Singapore and the world average of 50.The lowest level is indicative of a society has less violence and competitiveness, as opposed to a situation where the value is considered more important and significant. Moreover, this situation reinforces the traditional roles of men and women in the population. Uncertainty avoidance: Uncertainty avoidance is a way to avoid the social processes that cannot be known in the future, should we try to control the future or just let it happen. Thailand 64 results in that dimension in order to show the preference to avoid uncertainty. To minimize or reduce uncertainty, strict rules, laws, rules and regulations are adopted and implemented. The real purpose of population control of everything is in order to avoid unexpected. As a result of these features to avoid high uncertainty, society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse. Long term orientation: Level of long-term orientation is closely related to the teachings of Confucius and can be interpreted as a search company, if the companys future outlook oriented proven as conventional short-term point of view of practical history Thailand score of 56 in Long Term Oriented culture though not as much as for most Asian countries.LTO clear about his respect for the traditions and gender inequality. Their fears are not seeking the truth, so they can be flexible and sensible in negotiations. Thailand support long term based outlook and thus Thailand timescales and deadlines are fluid. 2.2.3 Financial system: Thailands economy is one of the fastest growing second largest economies in South Asia. Thai economy follows export-driven economic development model. Exports accounted for 60% of the total GDP of Thailand. Thailands economy is based on the principles of free trade. The low wages workers are the pillars of economic success in Thailand. Thailand has an opening for foreign currency investments (james 2012). In recent decades, Thailand has become one of the largest producers and exporters of processed foods. The country export many individual products internationally, such as canned fish, canned juices and frozen poultry. Approximately 60 percent of the food industry, and consists in 40 percent of the remainder of the beverage. The expected growth in the sector is estimated at about 10 percent per year in the coming years (josehp2012) Year GDP at constant prices (Billions) GDP growth rate % GDP at current prices (Billions) GDP at current prices (Billions) 2005 3,856.53 ( THB) 4.6 % 7,092.89 (THB) 176.35 (USD) 2006 4,054.89 ( THB) 5.1% 7,844.94 (THB) 207.09 (USD) 2007 4,259.81 ( THB) 5.0 % 8,525.20 (THB) 246.98 (USD) 2008 4,368.64 (THB) 2.5 % 9,080.47 (THB) 272.58 (USD) 2009 4,268.11 (THB) -2.3 % 9,041.55 (THB) 263.71 (USD) 2010 4,597.82 (THB) 7.8 % 10,104.82 (THB) 318.91 (USD) 2011 4,601.81 (THB) 0.1 % 10,539.45 (THB) 345.65 (USD) 2.2.4 Regulatory framework: Foreigners who want to do business in Thailand include the Law on Foreign Affairs. Export of all types of goods can be permitted in Thailand. Foreigners cannot import goods for sale, either wholesale or retail, as a company, if the company is authorized by the Ministry of Commerce and the capitalization of at least 100 million baht. However, the importation of foreign raw materials and equipment for the production of products those are not covered under foreign law. Price and value added tax (VAT), usually in the importation of goods into Thailand. Depending on the classification of goods in the price differs. Value added tax is currently 7%. In addition, excise duties on certain products, such as perfume, tobacco, oil and oil products, beverages, perfumes, cars, etc(Walker J.R, 2011). 2.2.5 Infrastructure: Thailand has an infrastructure of world class ports including several state-of-the-art, airports and communications. Suvarnabhumi International Airport and the Port of Laem Chabang in basic transportation provide manufacturers, they need for their exports, while the 225 km road between the cities is being built, which is linking Bangkok to other parts of the country is the Kingdom of efficient transport. In addition, the Greater Mekong Sub-region passageway linking Thailand with neighbouring countries in the Mekong basin, including Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and the Yunnan province of China, and promote the integration of the Greater Mekong Sub region(Hoe 2009). 3. Implementation plan: 3.1 New Entity Form and Structure: Companies can work in a range of structures such as sole proprietorship, partnership, limited partnership, Limited Liability Company or corporation. Each of these forms of integration has a number of advantages and limitations. Legal structure of the business determines how it is managed and taxed, and what rules and regulations it must follow. So to implement a new entity for we have to consider the flowing things Company Size: I plan to open some two outlets in Thailand, so the size of the company is small .there is minimum number of requirement for employees and managers and specify the shares of the owners. Since it is a small company there is no need for additional formalities. The flexible forms of business for smaller companies are Limited Liability Company. Business Purpose: The purpose of the business is to sell a product in Thailand. The rules and regulation will allow registering as a Limited Liability Company. Liability: These forms of doing business in Thailand offer the security of limited liability, which is the owners, are not responsible for the debts of the business individually. Partnerships and Sole proprietorships do not have limited liability. Taxes: Profits and losses for businesses are different for each type of business entity. Profits from partnerships and sole proprietorships cross to the owners and are treated as personal income. This means that the profit charge once. Profits from corporations and limited liability companies do not go directly to the owners but are taxed when the company pays dividends to shareholders. Based on the entity structure there are some alternatives and exceptions. (business law 2010). 3.1.2 Private Limited Company: In business terms an entity the company is the legal form of ownership. The most popular form of business organization for foreign investors is a limited liability company. The Limited Liability Company requires a minimum number of seven leaders and submits a memorandum on the importance of regular meetings, register a business and get a tax card for companies.LLC must also follow the procedures for accounting particulate in the Revenue Code, the Civil and Commercial code and the Accounts Act. Once in every year a balance sheet must be arranged and filed in the Revenue Department and Commercial Registration. In addition to this the companies are need to withhold the income tax from the salary of all regular workers. The representative office can also be configured to participate in a limited non-commercial activities, such as storage of goods or services in Thailand, where the main business, or to control and monitor the quality and quantity of purchases of goods which its head office based Thailand. Regional branch of a multinational company to be established in order to coordinate and lead the operation of the subsidiary operating in the region in the name of the head office and must not receive income or have the power to discuss business with persons or legal entities in Thailand. Submit an application for the establishment of a representative office or regional office to the Department of Commercial Registration (inra 2009). 3.2 Decision process for entry option: In the process of foreign market entry mode the decision making process is a significant strategic process. Different modes of entry may be more suitable under different conditions, and the mode of entry is a key aspect for the project success. Among the different modes of entry foreign direct investment is a suitable mode for old chang kee to enter into the market of Thailand. Green Field investment is the suitable form of Foreign Direct investment to capture and hold the position in Thailand market. Foreign Direct Investment: An investment made by a corporation or entity based in one country, into a firm or entity based in another country is generally called as FDI. Investments are made in a variety of ways either through a subsidiary or associated companies abroad, the acquisition of shares in a foreign company or through a merger or joint venture The acceptable limit for foreign direct investment dealings, which are defined Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, is 10%.This means that foreign investors of at least 10% or more of the voting rights or shares of subsidiary. Foreign direct Investment is present some types of investment, for example as joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, or licensing agreements and green field investment. The arrival of a number of international companies in the South-East Asian country the foreign direct investment in Thailand has increased in the latest years .(jandel 2008). Green field investment is one of the effective and suitable FDI type for Old Chang Kee to open subsidiary in Thailand. Green field investment: It is types of foreign investment in the parent company to start a new business in other countries, generally in developing countries. Parent company to build new facilities and create new jobs in recruiting new staff for this facility. These companies usually offer tax breaks and other incentives to build green field investment. Greenfield is a process of growing process in foreign market from ground zero. Green field investment requires purchasing a local property and also local human resources. It is good to choose to build a foreign subsidiary from the ground up instead of making an acquisition. One of the benefits of green field investing activities can benefit from state related to implementation from scratch in a new country, some countries offer subsidies, tax advantages or other benefits in order to promote a good place for foreign direct investment (FDI).Another benefits for the green field investment no risk for losing the technical ability to a competitor. And new jobs ar e produced in the local market. In green field investment there is no need any local company for investment we can open our outlet in Thailand by our own resources. Greenfield investment is the main purpose of promoting the host country as new production capability and jobs, transfer of technology and know-how, and can make the link with the global market. The profits from Greenfield investment production do not go to the local economy which we invest, but instead to the multinationals home economy (foreign investment 2010). 3.3 Cost benefits analysis: Cost-benefit analysis to determine how well or poorly planned actions will change. While cost-benefit can be used for anything, usually financial problems. As the analysis of costs and benefits will depend on positive factors and minimize negative impacts to determine net income. Rent: In Thailand Bangkok is one of the important areas large amount of high and middle class people are living. So this is the destination place for Old Change Kee. The average amounts of rent in Bangkok for primary status office are around 694 THB per square meter/per month or 21 USD. So to open an old chang kee outlet in Bangkok it need 200 square meter approximately so the rent for outlet is 138800 TBH or 4200 USD. Cost of labour: The labour cost in Thailand is also within suitable range. Cost of labour per month will be 75,000 TBH for a Financial Controller, 55,000 for managers, 27,000 THB for an executive secretary, 18,000 THB for an accountant, 15,000 THB for sales staff, 10,000 THB for Office Clerk and between 10,000 to 8,000 THB for skilled labour. So we plan to open initially two outlets in Thailand one Financial Controller, managers and one accountant is enough for two stores .but in case of sales staff 3 person for each shop so we need 6 sales staff, 2 office clerks and 4 skilled labours. Approximately the cost of labour for two outlets in Thailand will be 237,000 THB. Other cost: The cost to take a business is also reasonable. The cost to attend important business 100,000 THB 30,000 THB depending on the business, work permit and visa legal cost implies 38,000 THB and 30,000 THB for visa renewal or extension. For work permits fee are still 3000 THB per year and the rate for one year visa 1900 THB and for a year and a re-entry permit cost THB 3800. The cost for establishing a company in Thailand need approximately 5,500 THB per million of capital. The investment costs of Thailand are commonly less expensive but this remains true only as long as the investor act with reasonable care(loies 2006). Initial investment lump sum I.I.L.S Number Particulars Cost (THB) 1 Property Deposit 200,00 2 Licence 30,00 3 Legal fee 38,000 4 Sales staff 60,000 5 Skilled labour 32,00 6 Material 150,00 7 Insurance 20,00 8 Other cost 180,00 Total 3,59,200(THB) Revenue of the project: march 2013 April 2013 May 201 3 Q1 Q2 REVENUE 76,486 73,376 75,675 COST 30,531 29,87 30,667 Rent `16,000 16000 16000 16000 Salary 76,000 76000 76000 76000 Utilities 13,750 13750 13750 13750 Administration 8,000 8000 8000 8000 113750 Variable cost Raw materials 475,800 426500 441600 449770 448640 Other cost 52000 53000 54830 54290 53850 Advertising 54,320 61020 51040 51040 57480 Marketing and distribution 120,300 114400 115600 123240 102460 Net profit=revenue-running cost 98630 157660 152230 155810 Investment recovery = 838400 (739770) 582110 429880 274070 3.4 Marketing plan: A written document that describes the marketing and advertising for next year, but includes a discussion of the situation in the market, as well as the marketing mix, which will be used for the analysis of target markets and marketing destination. 3.4.1 Product Feasibility and Strategy Products provided by Old Chang Kee are great snack. Old Chang Kee offering curry puffs and proposed a list of new products and brings them to the supermarket and consumers. In Production plant the materials and machines that are used is guaranteed for the human-friendly and safe environment. Machinery and equipment which are used is tested in terms to give healthy snacks and best in taste which is worth for the amount that customer give. The products of Old Chang Kee is famous for the aroma and the traditional taste. 3.4.2 Pricing Strategy: The price depends on type of the product. The current pricing model is more effective, Old Chang Kee make sure that price of the brand is a balanced to the snack offered . Using all information in this business plan, the pricing strategy of Old Chang Kee would be to provide healthy and best-tasting curry puffs and other snacks in Singapore at reasonable price. In this case, the pricing strategy for the cost of all products would include, labour costs, production cost, raw material costs, etc. Old Chang Kee believes that the unique characteristics of its products and has said that high prices can support. However, the target market involve group of young people who usually have no source of income from their own interests, Old Chang Kee will keep costs at the lowest level in order to maintain a cheap price for all their products 3.4.3 Distribution strategy: A distribution network is performed to answering the questions of where to get, how to get and when to get in terms of getting products to their outlet. The process in distribution strategy to identify who is responsible for sending and receiving. Someone must make timetable for when items will be sent from the production site. 3.4.4 Promotion: Part of the marketing campaign is installing a free sample taste booth for the first week outside of the market. Planed to post Advertising in local newspapers includes Old change kee name and location select cheap advertising companies for aggressive promotion. Planned to give offers for the students and offer for purchasing bulk amount of product. Management believes that this is sufficient to advertise the company, and the rest will be delivered to the mouth-to-mouth (Jill Konrath )

Piagetian Conservation Tasks Case Study Essay -- Piagetian Conservatio

Overview My case subject is Regina Holms, a second grader, from County Elementary School. Before I interviewed the subject, I received permission for her guardian. During the interview, Regina and I conversed while working on one of the seven Piagetian tasks, the volume task. During this task, Regina’s stage of development was determined. I chose the volume task, where she had to recognize if two different size glasses held the same amount of water in each glass. Moreover, we are focusing on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, types of anxiety and self-handicapping; in order to observe her motivation during this task. In order to further evaluate, I asked her older sibling Wendy, a seventh grader to observe motivation. We will also be focusing on personal and social development, where we will be focusing on personality and temperament and her peer relationship with her sister. Cognitive Development (Piagetian Stages of Development) Jean Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development determines how children from birth to adulthood use their intelligence or cognitive development while engaging in tasks. The first stage of cognitive development is called the Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2). During this stage, children tend to learn by â€Å"trial and error†, objects exist even if they are removed from sight, and symbols are introduced (Ormrod, 2012, 149). The second stage of cognitive development is Preoperational Stage (age 2 to age 7). During this stage, children’s â€Å"vocabulary and grammatical structures rapidly develops† (Ormrod, 2012, 149), and children uses their â€Å"intuition rather than on conscious awareness of logical principles† (Ormrod, 2012, 149). The third stage of cognitive development is Concrete Operations Sta... ...ir adolescents, while girls focus on their physical appearance and peer relationships. I am in constant contact with Regina, and I have displayed her desire to â€Å"fit in†. Because of her desire to socially fit, I knew having her sister sit in during the interview would motivate Regina to take the interview seriously and try to perform well. By performing a simple task, I was able to determine that Regina is in the concrete operations stage of cognitive development. In addition, I found that Regina has a healthy self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-esteem for her age group. Yes, peer relationships has slightly affected Regina’s performance; however, she used extrinsic motivation to accomplish her goal. Works Cited Ormrod, J. E. (2012). Essentials of educational psychology: Big ideas to guide effective teaching, 3rd, ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption

Laser and its medical applications Presented by S. vignesh J. sabastian The Advent of the â€Å"Laser Scalpel† Early experimenters with medical lasers pointed out that there are surgical operations that are difficult to perform with the conventional scalpel and that a laser beam might be used instead. Initial trials showed that a finely focused beam from a carbon dioxide gas laser could cut through human tissue easily and neatly. The surgeon could direct the beam from any angle by using a mirror mounted on a movable metal arm. Several advantages of laser surgery quickly became apparent.First, the light beam is consistent, which means that it gives off the same amount of energy from In this photo taken during open-heart surgery, a doctor uses a laser probe to punch small holes in the patient's heart muscle to increase the organ's blood flow. one second to the next. So as long as the beam is moving along, the cut it makes (the incision) does not vary in depth; whereas when using a scalpel a doctor can accidentally make part of the incision too deep. A second advantage of the surgical laser is that the hot beam cauterizes, or seals off, the open blood vessels as it moves along. This works well mainly for small vessels, such as those in the skin. The doctor still has to seal off the larger blood vessels using conventional methods. ) Still another advantage is that the cells in human tissue do not conduct heat very well, so the skin or any other tissue near the laser incision does not get very hot and is not affected by the beam. This advantage of laser surgery is very helpful when a doctor must operate on a tiny area that is surrounded by healthy tissue or organs. It should be pointed out that the â€Å"laser scalpel† is not necessarily the best tool to use in every operation.Some doctors feel that while the laser is useful in some situations, it will never totally replace the scalpel. Others are more optimistic and see a day when more advanced lasers will make the scalpel a thing of the past. The second of these views may prove to be the most accurate, for surgical use of lasers is rapidly advancing. At first, lasers were considered most effective in operating on areas that are easy to reach—areas on the body's exterior, including the skin, mouth, nose, ears, and eyes. But in recent years doctors have demonstrated remarkable progress in developing laser techniques for use in internal exploration and surgery.Of course, in order to be able to direct the laser beam the doctor must be able to see inside the body. In some cases this is a simple matter of making an incision and opening up the area to be operated on. But there are situations in which this step can be avoided. Cleaning Arteries with Light For instance, lasers are increasingly used to clean plaque from people's arteries. Plaque is a tough fatty substance that can build up on the inside walls of the arteries. Eventually the vessels can get so clogged that blood do es not flow normally, and the result can be a heart attack or stroke, both of which are serious and sometimes fatal.The traditional method for removing the plaque involves opening the chest and making several incisions, a long and sometimes risky operation. It is also expensive and requires weeks for recovery. An effective alternative is to use a laser beam to burn away the plaque. The key to making this work is the doctor's ability to see inside the artery and direct the beam, another area in which fiber optics and lasers are combined into a modern wonder tool. An optic fiber that has been connected to a tiny television camera can be inserted into an artery.These elements now become a miniature sensor that allows the doctor and nurses to see inside the artery while a second fiber is inserted to carry the bursts of light that will burn away the plaque. The technique works in the following way. The fiber-optic array is inserted into a blood vessel in an arm or leg and moved slowly in to the area of the heart and blocked arteries. When the array is in place the laser is fired and the plaque destroyed, and then the exhaust vapors are sucked back through a tiny hollow tube that is inserted along with the optical fibers.When the artery has been cleaned out the doctor removes the fibers and tube, and the operation is finished. This medical process is known as laser angioplasty. It has several obvious advantages. First, no incision is needed (except for the small one in the vessel to insert the fibers). There is also little or no bleeding, and the patient can enjoy total recovery in a day or two. Laser angioplasty does have some potential risks that must be considered. First, when the laser beam fires at the plaque it must be aimed very carefully ecause a slight miss could cut through the wall of the artery and cause serious bleeding. The patient's chest would then have to be opened up after all. Another problem involves small pieces of burnt debris from the Surgeons use a tiny laser to cut away tissue in a gallbladder operation. The laser and a tiny camera are inserted into the navel, so no abdominal incision is necessary. . Lasers Heal and Reshape the Eyes Some of the most remarkable breakthroughs for medical lasers have been in the area of ophthalmology, the study of the structure and diseases of the eye.One reason that laser beams are so useful in treating the eye is that the cornea, the coating that covers the eyeball and admits light into the interior of the eye, is transparent. Since it is designed to admit ordinary light, the cornea lets in laser light just as well and remains unaffected by the beam. First, the laser is very useful in removing extraneous blood vessels that can form on the retina—the thin, light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eyeball. It is on the retina that the images of the things the eye sees are formed. Damage to the retina can sometimes cause blindness.The laser most often used in the treatment of this condition is powered by a medium of argon gas. The doctor aims the beam through the cornea and burns away the tangle of blood vessels covering the retina. The procedure takes only a few minutes and can be done in the doctor's office. The laser can also repair a detached retina—one that has broken loose from the rear part of the eyeball. Before the advent of lasers detached retinas had to be repaired by hand, and because the retina is so delicate this was a very difficult operation to perform. Using the argon laser, the doctor can actually â€Å"weld† the torn retina back in place.It is perhaps a strange coincidence that Gordon Gould, one of the original inventors of the laser, later had one of his own retinas repaired this way. Another condition that affects the eye is glaucoma, which is characterized by the buildup of fluid in the eye. Normally the eye's natural fluids drain away a little at a time, and the eye stays healthy. In eyes impaired with glaucoma the fluid does not drain properly, and the buildup affects vision; blindness can sometimes result. In some cases drugs can be used to treat glaucoma. If the drugs fail, however, many doctors now turn to the laser to avoid onventional surgery. The laser punches a hole in a preplanned spot and the fluid drains out through the hole. Again, the treatment can be performed in a doctor's office instead of a hospital. Using Lasers for Eye Surgery The laser works like a sewing machine to repair a detached retina, the membrane that lines the interior of the eye. The laser beam is adjusted so that it can pass harmlessly through the lens and focus on tiny spots around the damaged area of the retina. When it is focused, the beam has the intensity to â€Å"weld† or seal the detached area of the retina back against the wall of the eyeball.The patient's eyeglass prescription is literally carved inside the cornea with the beam of an excimer laser [a laser device that produces pulses of ultraviolet, or UV, light]. A small flap of the cornea is first removed with a precision knife . . . and an A patient undergoes eye surgery performed by a laser beam. In addition to treating detached retinas, lasers can remove cataracts. inner portion of the cornea is exposed to the excimer laser. After the prescription is carved, the corneal flap that was opened is then put back into place over the ablated [surgically altered] cornea. 6 LASIK does not come without risks.The changes it makes in the cornea are permanent, and the danger of unexpected damage is ever present. However, the procedure has become increasingly popular each year; about a million Americans had it done in the year 2000, and about four thousand surgeons in the United States were trained to perform it. Some Cosmetic Uses of Lasers Medical lasers are also widely used for various types of cosmetic surgery, including the removal of certain kinds of birthmarks. Port-wine stains, reddish purple skin blotches that appear on about thre e out of every one thousand children, are an example.Such stains can mark any part of the body but are most commonly found on the face and neck. The medical laser is able to remove a port-wine stain for the same reason that a military laser is able to flash a message to a submerged submarine. Both lasers take advantage of the monochromatic quality of laser light, that is, its ability to shine in one specific color. The stain is made up of thousands of tiny malformed blood vessels that have a definite reddish purple color. This color very strongly absorbs a certain shade of green light. In fact, that is why the stain looks red.It absorbs the green and other colors in white light but reflects the red back to people's eyes. To treat the stain, the doctor runs a wide low-power beam of green light across the discolored area. The mass of blood vessels in the stain absorbs the energetic laser light and becomes so hot that it is actually burned away. The surrounding skin is a different colo r than the stain, so that skin absorbs only small amounts of the beam and remains unburned. (Of course, the burned A doctor uses an argon laser to remove a port-wine stain, a kind of birthmark.Unwanted tissue is burned away while normal skin remains undamaged. areas must heal, and during this process some minor scarring sometimes occurs. ) Laser-Assisted Dentistry Dentistry is another branch of medicine that has benefited tremendously from laser technology. Indeed, lasers have made some people stop dreading a visit to the dentist. No one enjoys having a cavity drilled, of course. It usually requires an anesthetic (a painkiller like novocaine) that causes uncomfortable numbness in the mouth; also, the sound of the drill can be irritating or even sickening to some people.Many dentists now employ an Nd-YAG laser (which uses a crystal for its lasing medium) instead of a drill for most cavities. The laser treatment takes advantage of the simple fact that the material that forms in a cavi ty is much softer than the enamel (the hard part of a tooth). The laser is set at a power that is just strong enough to eliminate the decayed tissue but not strong enough to harm the enamel. When treating a very deep cavity bleeding sometimes occurs, and the laser beam often seals off blood vessels and stops the bleeding. The most often asked question about treating cavities with lasers is: Does it hurt?The answer is no. Each burst of laser light from a dental laser lasts only thirty-trillionths of a second, much faster than the amount of time a nerve takes to trigger pain. In other words, the beam would have to last 100 million times longer in order to cause any discomfort. So this sort of treatment requires no anesthetic. Advantages of Lasers for Dental Surgery In this excerpt from an article in The Dental Clinics of North America Robert A. Strauss of the Medical College of Virginia mentions some of the advantages of using lasers for oral surgery. Decreased post-operative swelling is characteristic of laser use [for oral surgery].Decreased swelling allows for increased safety when performing surgery within the airway [the mouth] . . . and increases the range of surgery that oral surgeons can perform safely without fear of airway compromise. This effect allows the surgeon to perform many procedures in an office or outpatient facility that previously would have required hospitalization. . . . Tissue healing and scarring are also improved with the use of the laser. . . . Laser wounds generally heal with minimal scar formation and . . . often can be left unsutured [without stitches], another distinct advantage. Thus the role of laser in medical field is most predominant.

Spear of Longinus Essay

Spear of Longinus Essay Spear of Longinus Essay Directions: Rewrite the plot of â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†. Remember to keep the same message and general plot but make the story modern. Plot One of the Famous Pirates, Captain Kidd stole money and gold and hid before be executed. From that time on, people all over the world searched in many places for Captain Kidd's stolen money. The people who lived in Massachusetts in the seventeen hundreds believed Captain Kidd buried some of his treasure near Boston. The story said that this treasure was protected by the devil himself, who was a good friend of Captain Kidd. In 1727, a man named Tom Walker lived near this place. All he wanted was money and he could do everything for money. And his wife had same personality as Tom. Even though He knew story about devil in the forest where he used to walk, he didn’t care about it and only thing that he worried about was his wife. He saw a giant sitting on a broken tree. Tom had never seen such a man. He wore the clothes of an Indian. His skin was almost black and covered with ashes. His eyes were big and red. But Tom Walker was not afraid. The strange man laughed and pointed to the tall trees. Tom saw that one of the trees had been cut by an ax. The stranger laughed and said, "I have every right to cut these trees. This land belonged to me a long time before Englishmen came to Massachusetts. Tom Walker now knew that the giant was the Devil himself. But Tom Walker was still not afraid. He knew the stranger knows where the Pirate Kidd's treasure; therefore, he asked him about it. Giant offered Tom had to agree to give the giant what he demanded. Tom Walker loved money as much as he loved life. But he asked for time to think. Tom went home. He told his wife what had happened. She wanted Captain Kidd's treasure. She urged him to give the Devil what he wanted. Tom said no. Mrs. Walker decided to do what Tom refused to do. She was never seen again. He finally found his wife's cloth; however, only thing that he could get from the cloth was heart. Tom finally decided that he would give the giant what he wanted in exchange for Captain Kidd's treasure. One night, Tom Walker met the giant and offered his soul in exchange for Captain Kidd's treasure. Giant said that Tom would have to use the treasure to do the Devil's work. But even he could not agree to buy and sell human beings as slaves. He refused to do this. The Devil then said that his second most important work was lending money. The men who did this work for the Devil forced poor people who borrowed money to pay back much more than they had received. Spear of Longinus According to Gospel of John, a soldier pierced Jesus with his spear to check death of Jesus. The spear that pierced Jesus called Holy Lance or Spear of Longinus. The spear has been known as a sign of power and authority. As powerful leaders conquered the world or got immense power of authority of a nation with the spear, there is legendary story, ‘whoever gets this spear will have the power to conquer the world.’ First person had Holy Spear was Constantine the Great. He brought the spear everywhere like as a talisman. His achievement was incredible, re-united the Roman Empire, brought Catholic as a public religion, and defended the territory against enemies. Karel Martel, another leader who had the spear, also kept the spear in every war he fought and protected the Europe from the Islam. First Emperor who conquered West Europe, Charles the Great had this spear and won 47 wars; however, he died when he accidentally dropped it. Besides them, 42 emperors had Spear of Longin us in a thousand years. In the twentieth century, ownership of Spear of Longinus was Austria; however, Adolf Hitler took the spear by forced from them for the desire of conquest the world. When he saw the spear, his man who stood beside him said, â€Å"when we first stood side by side in front of the Spear of Destiny it appeared to me that Hitler was in so deep a condition of trance that he was suffering

Ancient Greek and Roman Names Information

Ancient Greek and Roman Names Information When you think of ancient names, do you think of Romans with multiple names like Gaius Julius Caesar, but of Greeks with single names like Plato, Aristotle, or Pericles? There is a good reason for that. It is thought that most Indo-Europeans had single names, with no idea of an inheritable family name. The Romans were exceptional. Ancient Greek Names In literature, ancient Greeks are usually identified by only one name whether male (e.g., Socrates) or female (e.g., Thais). In Athens, it became mandatory in 403/2 B.C. to use the demotic (the name of their deme [See Cleisthenes and the 10 Tribes]) in addition to the regular name on official records. It was also common to use an adjective to show place of origin when abroad. In English, we see this in such names as Solon of Athens or Aspasia of Miletus. Roman Republic During the Republic, literary references to upper-class men would include the praenomen and either the cognomen or the nomen (gentilicum) (or both making the tria nomina). The cognomen, like the nomen was usually hereditary. This meant there could be two family names to inherit. The statesman M. Tullius Cicero is now referred to by his cognomen Cicero. Ciceros nomen was Tullius. His praenomen was Marcus, which would be abbreviated M. The choice, while not officially limited, tended to be among only 17 different praenomina. Ciceros brother was Qunitus Tullius Cicero or Q. Tullius Cicero; their cousin, Lucius Tullius Cicero. Salway argues the three name or tria nomina of the Romans is not necessarily the typical Roman name  but is typical of the best-documented class in one of the best documented periods of Roman history (Republic to early Empire). Much earlier, Romulus was known by a single name and there was a period of two names. Roman Empire By the first century B.C. women and the lower classes began to have cognomina (pl. cognomen). These were not inherited names, but personal ones, which began to take the place of the praenomina (pl. praenomen). These might come from ​a  part of the womans fathers or mothers name. By the 3rd century A.D., the praenomen was abandoned. The basic name became the nomen cognomen. Alexander Severus wifes name was Gnaea Seia Herennia Sallustia Barbia Orbiana. (See J.P.V.D. Balsdon, Roman Women: Their History and Habits; 1962.) Additional Names There were two other categories of names that might be used, especially on funerary inscriptions (see accompanying illustrations of an epitaph and a monument to Titus), following the praenomen and nomen. These were the names of filiation and of a  tribe. Filiation Names A man might be known by his father and even his grandfathers names. These would follow the nomen and be abbreviated. The name of M. Tullius Cicero could be written as M. Tullius M. f. Cicero showing that his father was also named Marcus. The f stands for filius (son). A freedman would use an l for libertus (freedman) instead of an f. Tribal Names After the filiation name, the tribal name could be included. The tribe or tribus was the voting district. This tribal name would be abbreviated by its first the letters. The full name of Cicero, from the tribe of Cornelia, would, therefore, be M. Tullius M. f. Cor. Cicero. References Whats in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700, by Benet Salway; The Journal of Roman Studies, (1994), pp. 124-145.Names and Identities: Onomastics and Prosopography, by Olli Salomies, Epigraphic Evidence, edited by John Bodel.

Economics Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics Project - Essay Example He started developing the ‘dialectical materialism’ which addresses the economic order efficiency and its inherent weaknesses and contractions that lead to its own decay/ collapse. The concept attempted to critic capitalism tenets and prediction of its own collapse. His constant revolt against the current rulers saw him exiled in Belguim, France and Britain where he eventually died in London (Heilbroner, 136 - 139). Economic Ideas and concepts Karl Marx is often referred to as the father of Socialism and Communism owing to his Marxist theories and The Communist Manifesto. He was a critique of capitalism which dominating Europe by them after overthrowing feudalism. According to Marx, current tenets of capitalism were not sustainable as they had little regard for laborers who are important in the production process. While critiquing the capitalism, Marx argued that while capitalism was revolutionary, industrializing and driven by universal qualities of development, it expl oited and alienated laborer resulting to high unemployment rate. As a result, the system was subjects to depression shocks and the exploitation led to suffering of most laborer. These conditions were the recipes that would lead to class struggle, system decay and eventual collapse of capitalism. In essence therefore, what Marx was suggesting is a form of production process that would give decency to the working class. Such a method of production would be socialism or what is referred to as inexorable system of Karl Marx’ (Heilbroner 167). His assertions make sense when viewed in the light of modern capitalism as modern practices have come to recognize the importance of labor as a factor of production. Most companies are concerned about the welfare of their staff where business objectives are being driven by triple bottom line. Such an approach will most likely reduce tension between owners of capital and laborers. Karl Marx also contributed immensely to labor relations and in dustrial actions. He viewed the society as comprising of two classes i.e. the owners of capital and laborers who provided labor. According to him there exists a class struggle as each wants to maximize from each other. Unfortunately, the owners of capital who often forms part of the ruling class oppress the workers through long working hours and poor pay. Given the power of the ruling class and increased population, are able to maximize value at the expense of the laborers. Welfare of the workers is not a priority, maximizing surplus value and profit is. Heilbroner (32) noted that the English ruling class ‘failed to understand what fluid and mobile labour force would seek to achieve’. According to Marx, Capitalists optimize the discrepancy between labor markets and produce market to make surplus value. Surplus value is realized when input costs are lower than output price and the surplus according to Marx is taken away from laborer due the imbalance. The surplus value a rises from unpaid work as they are only paid enough to keep the body and soul together i.e. to make laborers survive. He noted that in the long run as class struggle continues, the surplus value reduces considerably a situation which forces the owners of capital to rescue their capital. In labor relations, the argument makes sense in that most laborers will go on

Knowledge, Innovation and New product Development Essay

Knowledge, Innovation and New product Development - Essay Example rowth rate as compared to the already developed markets; and the economically developed countries like US and Germany are facing greater heat of recession with surging economic crises. Therefore one can think of investment in either India or China. I took India as the country to develop new product because cosmetic, especially 100% herbal and vegetarian Lipstick with variety of shades can be a new product that can be developed in an Indian Market. The increasing urbanization and a growth in the number of office workers have resulted in a strong focus on grooming in that country. 65% of the total population of India is below 35 years of age but only around 30% of the women use lipsticks in India, so there is a wide scope to flourish in India. The USP (unique selling proposition) of this product is its attribute of being 100% Herbal and Vegetarian as almost 40% of the total population in India is vegetarian and till now no other company has launched this type of product in the Indian M arket. Cosmetics and toiletries have seen tremendous growth in 2007. Growth was partly due to high levels of inflation but volume sales also saw dynamic growth. Rising income levels resulted in lower-income groups being able to afford more cosmetics and toiletries and also saw many trading up from unpackaged to packaged products. Meanwhile, mid- and high-income consumers in urban areas began to seek out value-added mass brands and premium products. India can be taken as the country to sell the product as Indian females are considered an epitome of beauty and they are more and more becoming beauty and fashion conscious. The product that can be marketed is a wide range of cosmetics (100%Vegetarian) especially lipsticks and it can be launched in the Indian market by the name: This indeed is true because people will not normally forget the hospitability offered at the service based organization like restaurant, beauty parlor, consultancy firm etc and especially the cosmetic